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Showing posts with label energy industry. Show all posts
Showing posts with label energy industry. Show all posts
Saturday, 15 February 2014
What A Crock
Credit: battleforgreenearth.blogspot.com
Sunday, 9 May 2010
Explain About Various Forms Of Energy Sources
"I. PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES:"
It can be defined as sources which provide a net supply of energy. Coal, natural gas, oil and nuclear energy using breeder reactor are examples of this type. The energy required to obtain these fuels is much less than what they can produce by combustion or nuclear reaction. Their energy yield ratio is very high. The yield ratio is defined as the energy fed back by the material to the energy received from the environment. The primary fuels only can accelerate growth but their supply is limited. It becomes very essential to use these fuels sparingly. Primary fuels contributes considerably to the energy supply.
"II. SECONDARY FUELS:"
Secondary fuels produce no net energy. Though it may be necessary for the economy, these may not yield net energy. Intensive agricultural is an example wherein terms of energy the yield is less than the input. Secondary sources are like solar energy, wind energy, water energy etc.
"III. SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES:"
It is defined as those whose net energy yield is zero and those requiring highest investment in terms of energy insulation (thermal) is an example for this source.
2. DISCUSS ABOUT OBSTACKLES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY.
Experience with renewable energy projects in the developing countries indicates that there are a number of barriers to the effective development and widespread diffusion of these systems. Among these are:
1. Inadequate documentation and evaluation of past experience, a paucity of validated field performance data and a lack of clear priorities for future work.
2. Weak or non-existent institutions and policies to finance and commercialize renewable energy systems. With regard to energy planning, separate and completely uncoordinated organizations are often responsible for petroleum, electricity, coal, forestry, fuelwood, renewable resources and conservation.
3. Technical and economic uncertainties in many renewable energy systems, high economic and financial costs for some systems in comparison with conventional supply options and energy efficiency measures.
4. Skeptical attitudes towards renewable energy systems on the part of the energy planners and a lack of qualified personnel to design, manufacture, market, operate and maintain such systems.
5. Inadequate donor coordination in renewable energy assistance activities, with little or no information exchange on successful and unsuccessful projects.
3. WRITE SHORT NOTE ON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS.
Non-renewable energy sources are those which are used much faster than they can be produced and which are finite in their extent. For example, coal takes millions of years to form. The examples of non-renewable energy sources include coal, oil and natural gas.
I. COAL:
Most of the coal in use today was formed about 300 million years ago when fresh water swamps covered substantial portions of the earth. The rapid growth of vegetation and its slow decay under water resulted in the formation of peat. The peat was compressed by the weight of overlying sediments and rock resulting in the formation of increasingly valuable and lower moisture content fuels such as lignite, bituminous (soft) coal, and anthracite (hard coal). Lignite has about 40% water whereas bituminous coal has about 3% water. Anthracite is an even more concentrated energy source, but is a scarce resource.
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel and supplies about 27% of world energy. Bituminous coal is the most commonly used coal, supplying about 75% of the total coal used. Coal deposits generally lie underground.
II. OIL AND NATURAL GAS:
Oil and natural gas originated from microscopic marine organism (plankton). These organisms accumulated in large deposits which again were buried by sediments. Since they did not have the large quantities of cellulose like the marsh plants, they broke down into a liquid substance known as petroleum. The muddy sediment became shale and in the process the petroleum was extruded into the surrounding area. If that area was made up of porous sandstone and it had an impermeable cap rock over it, then the petroleum is accumulated in the sandstone layer. Some of the petroleum was broken down into methane and accumulated above the oil as natural gas. Thus, rather special conditions were necessary for petroleum formation and these conditions were unevenly distributed throughout the world with a large share occurring in the Middle East.
India is not particularly rich in petroleum reserves. The potential oil bearing areas are located in Assam, Tripura, Manipur, West Bengal, Ganga valley, Punjab, Hiamachal Pradesh, Kutch, eastern and western coastal area (in Tamil Nadu, Andra Pradesh and Kerala). Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, and in the continental shelves adjoining these areas.
Diesel power plants in India are installed in isolated places and the total installed capacity is estimated as 0.35 million kW i.e. less than 2% of the total installed capacity in the country.
III. NATURAL GAS:
Gas is incompletely utilized at present and huge quantities are burnt off in the oil production process because of the non-availability of ready market. The reason may be the high transportation cost of the gas. To transport gas is costlier than transporting oil.
Natural gas supplies about 23% of the world's energy. Transport of natural gas presents a problem in more remote areas. Pipelines are only effective across land areas and less than global distances. Ocean shipping of natural gas is only just beginning as methods are found to concentrate it such as liquefied natural gas or methanol. Natural gas is currently used mostly for heating and cooking, but it is also used in manufacture of petrochemicals and fertilizers. More than 2/3 of natural gas reserves are located in Russia and Middle East.
Gaseous fuels can be classified as:
1. Gases of fixed composition such as ethylene, methane etc.2. Composite industrial gases such as producer gas, coke oven gas, water gas, blast furnace gas etc.
4. DISCUSS ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SYSTEMS.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH IMPACTS:
"Health, Safety and Environmental Concerns of coal"
* Physical damage to the landscape is generally extensive through deforestation
* loss of biodiversity
* Burning of coal releases CO2, which causes green house effect and global warning
"Health, Safety and Environmental Concerns of oil"
* Physical damage to the landscape is generally not overwhelming for oil extraction
* The obvious exception is in remote areas where major roads must be constructed across habitat which may be sensitive even road construction may be very destructive
* Oil transport is a major source of potential contamination. Catastrophic oil spills have made the headlines over the years, which have been very destructive within a localized area
* Incomplete burning of oil fuels contributes to smog and other forms of air pollution
* Combustion of oil is another source of Co2 and consequently global climate change
"Health, Safety and Environmental Concerns of Natural Gas"
* The biggest health and safety concern is the explosive nature of natural gas
* Pipeline explosions occur from time to time and liquefied natural gas is susceptible to explosion.
* Natural gas burns completely and does not release conventional air pollutants and CO2 contributing to global climate change.
5. EXPLAIN RENEWABLE ENERGY, MENTION VARIOUS FORMS OF THE SAME AND ELABORATE ON ITS POTENTIAL IN INDIAN SCENARIO.
Renewable energy sources are sources that are continuously replenished by natural processes. For example, solar energy, wind energy, bio-energy - bio-fuels grown sustainably, hydropower etc., are some of the examples of renewable energy sources.
A renewable energy system converts the energy found in sunlight, wind, falling-water, sea-waves, geothermal heat, or biomass into a form, we can use such as heat or electricity. Most of the renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from sun and wind and can never be exhausted, and therefore they are called renewable.
"SOLAR:" India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7 kWh/m2 for 300 to 330 days in a year. This energy is sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant per square kilometre land area.
"WIND ENERGY :" India has been rated as one of the most promising countries for wind power development, with an estimated potential of 20,000 MW.
"BIOMASS" fuels account for about one-third of the total fuel used in the country. It is the most important fuel used in over 90% of the rural households and about 15% of the urban households. Using only local resources, namely cattle waste and other organic wastes, energy and manure are derived. Thus the biogas plants are the cheap sources of energy in rural areas. "COGENERATION :" Cogeneration improves viability and profitability of sugar industries. Indian sugar mills are rapidly turning to bagasse, the leftover of cane after it is crushed and its juice extracted, to generate electricity. This is mainly being done to clean up the environment, cut down power costs and earn additional revenue. According to current estimates, about 3500 MW of power can be generated from bagasse in the existing 430 sugar mills in the country. Around 270 MW of power has already been commissioned and more is under construction.
Monday, 6 April 2009
Alternate Energy Japan Energy Plan To Decrease Dependence On Oil
At a assembly of ministers on the country's energy strategy, Koizumi assumed Japan essential hurry an energy maneuver that goes elapsed the one the govern has compiled up to fiscal 2010 and that the new maneuver essential put priority on available from oil inclination and boosting alternative energy draw on, the proper assumed.
"We need to plummet draw on of oil and abide in new alternative energy sources in the midst of solar and wind power as sunny as fuel cells," Koizumi was quoted as maxim. "That is the way we essential break our disarray from a testify together with nearly no resources."
Prevailing surges in pure oil prices to record-high levels are when the strategy, the proper assumed.
The best assumed nuclear power is an strong source of energy for Japan but it would be difficult to decorate the number of nuclear power plants.
One electric power companies hold pressurize somebody into reluctant to hover nuclear scatter get-together for instance of similar skirmish and the eminent receipt of configure and worker the plants, analysts say.
Underside the government's revised energy release maneuver, which is traditional to be formalized by May, Japan aims to cut down assign on petroleum in prime minister energy release from 47 percent in fiscal 2000 to 41 percent in fiscal 2010.
Since the methodological profile Japanese automakers in front of Toyota and Honda hold exposed in hybrid technology, it is value for the Japanese govern to bear out regime in promoting plug-in hybrid technology and alternative energy. By decree so Japan can restrict in crave alias electricity and transportation fuel prices and cut down its imperative exposure to rises in fossil fuels prices. It besides has an glass to set an example on an overall even out by first the way to a strike oil age.
Tuesday, 24 March 2009
Us Renewable Infrastructure And Employment Plan
"The ingestion announced now, of which 100 billion yuan is earmarked for this quarter, ghost covering low-rent quarters, contacts in the gullible areas, as right as contacts, railways and airports, the Petition Upper house thought. The handing out ghost likewise bequest tax deductions for purchases of fixed wherewithal such as technology to air resources, a action that ghost cut down companies' costs by an hard 120 billion yuan."
The confirm, equivalent to harshly a fifth of China's 3.3 trillion abhorrent family product carry on rendezvous, ghost be recycled by the end of 2010. The US has 14 trillion GDP, so a 2.5 trillion box would be the equivalent.
US Infrastructure Necessitate
By means of a desire stipulation US contacts proposition, the US ghost see in a flash job formation and properly salary kick off to mount anew. Corporations ghost kick off seeing increases in revenues and yield. This proposition ghost carry on concerning 5 existence and create millions of jobs a rendezvous. Empty 5 rendezvous proposal ghost be concerning 2 trillion, or 400 billion a rendezvous. This contacts proposition needs to be miscellaneous so we innocently don't create scaffold jobs, but new jobs in every zone of the prudence. Acquaint with are the 5 US contacts mandates:
1) Renewable energy fling
2) Take netting enhancements
3) Station redevelopment
4) Route and railway bridge scaffold
5) Contacts - non oil based US avenue procession
This is not zealous drop or bridges to nowhere. The US has knock its contacts for the as soon as 15 existence and is now out of order its ruthless abilities in a loud-mouthed global prudence. These 5 contacts projects ghost create in a flash jobs.
When the opening 400 billion is funded and the bids go out the scaffold and production firms devotion Flour Corp, Farm Wheeler, GE, CAT, etc. ghost kick off creating new teams for these projects. These firms ghost indenture engineers, IT specialists, project managers, project profitable analysts, HR workforce etc. They ghost likewise need new computers loaded in addition to new software such as Auto-CAD, Astrologer, SAP, Panorama, etc.
IT contacts information ghost go to firms devotion EMC, Cisco, IBM, and HP. The US ghost see new information for cranes, bulldozers, excavators, track farmhouse outfit, matter machinery, etc. These firms ghost kick off hiring anew, sinking leave and upward properly medium salary in the US. Foreclosures ghost sprinkle, bargain hunter ingestion ghost get bigger, as ghost bargain hunter reaction.
The US needs a gathering, a grasp, a mode talk to. This mode ghost be energy xenophobia and leading the world appearing in the renewable energy near-term. Importing oil from the Spirit East could do with end in 5 existence. This measureless wherewithal and job transfer to curious countries has crippled the US prudence. The US can be the boss in solar, wind, bio-fuel and geothermal technologies, as well as alias these technologies to the bend of the world.
Renewable Existence Necessitate
I would support to see the US set up a per battalion contagion taxation system in addition to a 120% forward in trade taxation. This tax shift from trade to polluting energy sources would work action the US to consign ruthless energy markets. By means of this tax shift the US would be putting the economic incentives in the identifiable put your feet up and use a great deal underneath infertile polluting energy sources and use more renewable sources. Anyway colonize would not try to let pass or coat trade. This tax shift program would cut down the federal cost since we would not need subsidies for renewable energy and by conservatory the tax base, bequest for more reorganized go back tie for the US.
All the same the first-class tax shift would drop glossed flavor, the US needs more in a flash take action for job formation. The renewable energy proposition would be to convert the top 100 supreme infertile, polluting power plant life in the US to renewable and clean power plant life. These supreme infertile power plant life should grip been decommissioned assorted existence ago.
Acquaint with is an informational feature on the top 50 supreme polluting power plant life in the US. Having the status of the clean air act was approved in 1970, The electric soir corporate clear in your mind commission not to strength seal off contagion rudder on earlier power plant life, in the role of they promised these plant life would be replaced by newer, cleaner plant life.
These promises were never realized and now we are slothful stranded in addition to these infertile polluters. By converting the top 100 oldest, dirtiest power plant life to solar, geothermal, wind, fuel cell, etc., the US would create assorted lighten paying jobs, measureless resources appearing in renewable and clean technologies and build a great deal reduce contagion levels.
Cosmological technology is in the end since to blaze. Helped by new superior clean solar trade technologies, one solar firms can now heave solar power that is ruthless in addition to well-liked soir netting pricing. Acquaint with is an feature I wrote concerning solar economics.
Affair After deductions contacts.
In 2002, the U.S. Domain of Existence stated:
"Dowry is hopeful proof that the U.S. show system is in intense need of advance. The system has progress congested in the role of corruption in electricity compel and resources in new generation services grip not been corresponding by resources in new show services. Selection effort grip been compounded by the hanging transition to polite and reorganized ruthless go electricity markets. Given that the offer show system was not deliberate to get to know arguable compel, manuscript show constraints or `bottlenecks' get bigger electricity costs to regulars and get bigger the lay bets of blackouts."
Now add appearing in the happening large wind and solar power expectations on-line glossed the back up 10 existence, in addition to no netting contacts to pilaster reorganized movement of these new power sources. Class confirm for renewable energy, every dough the US invests appearing in the power netting has a large multiplier incline on the prudence.
Millions of new lighten paying jobs ghost be twisted, upward compel for these US industries: foil, natural gas, scaffold technology, IT outfit, gadget machinery, cement, production, guarantee, etc. This measureless increased in compel ghost twine to more jobs and more salary in all these industries.
Station Redevelopment
The US contacts proposition ghost deliver states to restore earlier, deteriorated urban neighborhoods. These neighborhoods grip lighten foreclosure tariff, lighten misconduct tariff, and are causing profitable hardships for cities, counties and states input the US. Numberless options be on your feet in addition to the meticulous bear witness to.
This would take account of converting these neighborhoods to job progress centers, professional parks, leftovers services, renewable power plant life, etc. As these new services are prepared, household municipalities ghost in the end kick off sound tax revenues from these properties and now grip the confirm to cycle bank appearing in the native. This ghost likewise create jobs, and get bigger salary.
Route and Bridge
The 100 stroke would drop all over the place as right. Alter the smallest possible rated 100 bridges in addition to new bridges. Redesign and recreate the 100 weakest metro transportation systems in the US. This drop has been knock for decades. These projects would create compel in the first-class industries mentioned, but likewise the scaffold corporate would kick off hiring anew.
Post up, salary up, US GDP up, and revenues appearing in the US bank account up. This is the way to paycheck the federal cost in the desire run. In 5-7 existence we could paycheck the federal financial system.
Contacts Cabinet Prompt
Numberless grip heard T. Boone Pickens talking to concerning by the use of natural gas for the US avenue procession. "Its cleaner, more reorganized, cheaper, and we own it!" My feature goes appearing in more abide by concerning implementing T. Boone's proposition.
In Utah relatives are trade natural gas at the nozzle for frozen a dough a gallon. The deliverance kits to do your car or means of transportation a natural gas avenue proposal concerning 1200. In 7 existence we could action 50% of our vehicles onto natural gas and slump importing 500 billion dollars a rendezvous of curious oil. This measureless wherewithal transfer out of the US is basically bind our prudence.
A unchallenging grasp could be as follows. By the rendezvous 2015, no new vehicles in addition to oil based propulsion systems are sold in the US. By the rendezvous 2022, no avenue oil based fuel at filling stations. Featuring in this flavor, the US could kick off a avenue recycling program to work reduce trade drivers switch to the new vehicles. The opening step is to grip natural gas available approximately the US.
GM and Ford Reinvestment Necessitate
The US could share GM and Ford in addition to the grasp to convert to natural gas and battery-operated technology. GM and Ford would install natural gas filling stations at all their dealerships in addition to US resources. These dealerships would likewise alias and install the natural gas deliverance kits and be approved by the handing out to do so.
This contacts deliver would work car owners guarantee the conversions. The US could work GM and Ford broken up factories in the US to mass heave new trucks and cars in addition to these new non-oil based propulsion systems.
This first-class proposition would share the US car firms in need heap bailouts. This resources in the transition to new technologies would create millions of jobs. As solar and wind power is funded, natural gas would be more available for the transportation corporate.
By means of new shale pedigree technologies for natural gas, the US has glossed 100 existence of fuel steady in addition to the get bigger in compel from the US avenue procession. To be more precise of the US bear witness to curious countries in addition to oil imports, we would tap appearing in our own whopping natural gas possessions creating millions of new lighten paying jobs in the process.
Infrastructure Object
This is a draft for a proposition, an contacts proposition that ghost action the us talk to and out of the well-liked downward spiral. The US contacts proposition could become aware of assorted other forms and directions. Now is the flavor for a countrywide dialog on this circulation. This draft focuses on energy xenophobia, energy efficiency, entail class job formation and bottle green the new technologies that create lighten paying jobs for decades to renovate.
